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我国极地装备技术发展战略研究

于立伟,王俊荣,王树青,李华军

《中国工程科学》 2020年第22卷第6期页码 84-93 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2020.06.011

摘要：

当前极地地区的战略地位日益凸显，极地资源开发与利用成为国际社会关注的焦点，而极地装备是科学认知极地、合理开发利用极地资源的基础保障。极地装备主要包括极地科学装备、极地船舶装备、极地资源开发装备等三大类。针对此三类装备，本文梳理了国外极地装备技术的发展态势，分析了我国极地装备的发展现状及存在的差距与问题，研判了极地装备的发展趋势与关键技术，总结了我国极地装备技术领域的发展战略。针对我国极地科学装备不足且冰下观测能力有限、极地船舶能力建设缺乏以及极地资源开发装备研发设计能力欠缺等问题，从建设北极环境观测与通信导航装备、攻克极地航行船舶关键技术、发展极地资源勘探关键装备 3 个方面提出了我国面向 2035 年的极地装备重点发展方向及对策建议，以期为 21 世纪下半叶极地夏季商业航线的大规模开发提供装备和技术研究支持。

关键词：极地装备极地科学观测与通信导航极地船舶极地油气资源开发关键技术

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Standard method design considerations for semi-quantification of total naphthenic acids in oil sands process affected water by mass spectrometry: A review

Kevin A. Kovalchik, Matthew S. MacLennan, Kerry M. Peru, John V. Headley, David D.Y. Chen

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 497-507 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1652-0

摘要： Naphthenic acids are a complex class of thousands of naturally occurring aliphatic and alicyclic carboxylic acids found in oil sands bitumen and in the wastewater generated from bitumen processing. Dozens of analytical methods have been developed for the semi-quantification of total naphthenic acids in water samples. However, different methods can give different results, prompting investigation into the comparability of the many methods. A review of important methodological features for analyzing total naphthenic acids is presented and informs the design of future standard methods for the semi-quantification of total naphthenic acids using mass spectrometry. The design considerations presented are a synthesis of discussions from an Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) led taskforce of 10 laboratory experts from government, industry and academia during April 2016 and subsequent discussions between University of British Columbia and ECCC representatives. Matters considered are: extraction method, solvent, pH, and temperature; analysis instrumentation and resolution; choice of calibration standards; use of surrogate and internal standards; and use of online or offline separation prior to analysis. The design considerations are amenable to both time-of-flight and Orbitrap mass spectrometers.

关键词： total naphthenic acids environmental samples oil sands process affected water polar organics mass spectrometry

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The temporal changes of the concentration level of typical toxic organics in the river sediments around

Qiang Li, Xiong Xu, Yaoyao Fang, Ruiyang Xiao, Donghong Wang, Wenjue Zhong

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1054-7

摘要：

The current situation of typical organics in the sediments around Beijing was unclear.

56 kinds of typical toxic organics were detected in this article.

Historical data was compared with the data in this study.

The change of different organics in the sediments around Beijing was concluded.

关键词： Organic compounds Endocrine disrupters Sediments Concentration Temporal changes

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Degradation of refractory organics in concentrated leachate by the Fenton process: Central composite

Senem Yazici Guvenc, Gamze Varank

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1294-1

摘要： Abstract • 90% total COD, 95.3% inert COD and 97.2% UV254 were removed. • High R2 values (over 95%) for all responses were obtained with CCD. • Operational cost was calculated to be 0.238 €/g CODremoved for total COD removal. • Fenton oxidation was highly-efficient method for inert COD removal. • BOD5/COD ratio of leachate concentrate raised from 0.04 to 0.4. The primary aim of this study is inert COD removal from leachate nanofiltration concentrate because of its high concentration of resistant organic pollutants. Within this framework, this study focuses on the treatability of leachate nanofiltration concentrate through Fenton oxidation and optimization of process parameters to reach the maximum pollutant removal by using response surface methodology (RSM). Initial pH, Fe2+ concentration, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio and oxidation time are selected as the independent variables, whereas total COD, color, inert COD and UV254 removal are selected as the responses. According to the ANOVA results, the R2 values of all responses are found to be over 95%. Under the optimum conditions determined by the model (pH: 3.99, Fe2+: 150 mmol/L, H2O2/Fe2+: 3.27 and oxidation time: 84.8 min), the maximum COD removal efficiency is determined as 91.4% by the model. The color, inert COD and UV254 removal efficiencies are determined to be 99.9%, 97.2% and 99.5%, respectively, by the model, whereas the total COD, color, inert COD and UV254 removal efficiencies are found respectively to be 90%, 96.5%, 95.3% and 97.2%, experimentally under the optimum operating conditions. The Fenton process improves the biodegradability of the leachate NF concentrate, increasing the BOD5/COD ratio from the value of 0.04 to the value of 0.4. The operational cost of the process is calculated to be 0.238 €/g CODremoved. The results indicate that the Fenton oxidation process is an efficient and economical technology in improvement of the biological degradability of leachate nanofiltration concentrate and in removal of resistant organic pollutants.

关键词： Concentrated leachate Fenton oxidation Central composite design Biodegradability Inert COD

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Acidogenic sludge fermentation to recover soluble organics as the carbon source for denitrification in

Lin Lin, Ying-yu Li, Xiao-yan Li

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1043-x

摘要：

CEPS sludge was compared with conventional primary and secondary sludge for the VFAs yield.

Fe-based CEPS sludge exhibited the highest efficiency of organic recovery.

Fermented CEPS sludge liquor provided a sufficient carbon source for denitrification.

99% of nitrate removal was achieved based on the Fe-CEPS and sludge fermentation.

关键词： Sewage sludge Chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS) Acidogenic fermentation Organic carbon recovery Nitrogen removal

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中国的极轨气象卫星

孟执中

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第10期页码 1-5

摘要：

气象卫星是具有巨大经济和社会效益的应用卫星，中国的极轨气象卫星经历了从试验阶段到业务应用阶段的发展历程。文章简要介绍了“风云一号”（FY-1）极轨气象卫星的发展概况和技术性能，星载十通道扫描辐射计和长寿命、高可靠极轨卫星平台取得的成功；重点介绍了中国新一代的极轨气象卫星“风云三号”（FY-3）的总体概况，归纳了卫星的技术特点。

关键词：极轨气象卫星 FY-1卫星 FY-3卫星

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极地动物基因资源研究现状与发展战略

陈松林,徐文腾,陈张帆

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第6期页码 39-47 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.06.007

摘要：

本文主要从基因组和转录组层面分析了极地动物基因资源的研究现状，梳理了本领域研究中存在的问题，并提出了未来发展战略。极地动物基因组测序起步较晚，迄今只完成了 13种极地动物的全基因组测序。在转录组研究方面，人们对极地的 31个物种进行了转录组测序，并在以下四个方向重点开展了研究：环境适应性研究；污染物应激反应的分子机制研究；不同发育阶段或不同组织中的转录组分析；功能基因挖掘。本领域研究由于起步晚，研究广度和深度都有待加强，但极地动物的基因资源研究具有战略意义。建议国家设立“极地动物基因资源发掘与应用”重点研发计划专项，围绕极地渔业动物特殊性状遗传解析、特有基因功能分析和基因工程产品研发等开展研究。

关键词：极地动物基因组，转录组，基因资源

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Trophic mode and organics metabolic characteristic of fungal community in swine manure composting

Jing Peng, Ke Wang, Xiangbo Yin, Xiaoqing Yin, Mengfei Du, Yingzhi Gao, Philip Antwi, Nanqi Ren, Aijie Wang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1177-5

摘要： Fungal trophic modes and substrates utilization ability was observed in composting. Fungi had the higher diversity and more trophic types in thermophilic phase. Fungi had the higher metabolic potential in fresh swine manure and mature production. Redox potential, organics and moisture are main factors impacting fungal community. Composting reduced pathogenic fungi and enrich dung saprotroph fungi in swine manure. The succession of fungal community, trophic mode and metabolic characteristics were evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure by high-throughput sequencing, FUNGuild and Biolog method, respectively. The result showed that the fungal community diversity reached to the highest level (76 OTUs) in the thermophilic phase of composting, then sustained decline to 15 OTUs after incubation. There were 10 fungal function groups in the raw swine manure. Pathotroph-saprotroph fungi reached to 15.91% on Day-10 but disappeared on Day-60. Dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph fungi grown from 0.19% to 52.39% during the treatment. The fungal community had more functional groups but the lower substrate degradation rates in the thermophilic phase. The fungal communities on Day-0 and Day-60 had the highest degradation rates of amino acids and polymers, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that ORP (49.6%), VS/Ash (45.3%) and moisture (39.2%) were the main influence factors on the succession of fungal community in the swine manure composting process.

关键词： Fungus FUNGuild Biolog Trophic mode Composting Oxidation reduction potential

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冰上丝绸之路海洋科技创新战略研究

李大海,张荧楠

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第6期页码 64-70 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.06.012

摘要：

“冰上丝绸之路”共建是我国参与北极保护、开发与治理的重要途径。科技创新是我国推进“冰上丝绸之路”共建的重要支撑。我国在北极科学考察、科研基础设施建设、装备研发制造等方面已经具有一定的基础，但也存在统筹机制弱、投入不足、平台建设滞后等问题。应围绕《中国的北极政策》白皮和“冰上丝绸之路”共建的有关原则，大力推进北极海洋认知、保护、开发和治理相关科学技术创新和人文社科研究，在北极海洋观测、海洋海冰研究、生物和生态系统研究、污染防治、气候变化响应、航运技术、油气开发技术等方面谋求取得更大突破。通过加强双边多边合作、发起国际大科学计划、建立公共平台、加强人才交流与培养等方式，推动“冰上丝绸之路”科技创新不断走向深入。

关键词： “冰上丝绸之路” 海洋科技 “一带一路”

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H₂O₂的高效电合成及其电Fenton在难降解有机物降解中的应用 Article

李磊, 白晶, 江盼宇, 张岩, 周廷生, 王嘉琛, 周昌辉, 李金花, 周保学

《工程（英文）》 2023年第30卷第11期页码 131-143 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.02.005

摘要：

O₂还原反应原位电合成H₂O₂的利用为难降解废水的传统芬顿处理提供了一种有前景的替代方案。然而，氧气传质效率低、阴极催化剂选择性差以及电子传递动力学缓慢仍然是其主要的工程障碍。在此，我们基于新型ZrO₂/CMK-3/PTFE阴极的制备，提出了一种系统解决方案，旨在高效电合成H₂O₂并将其应用于电芬顿降解难降解有机物。采用聚四氟乙烯作为疏水改性剂以增强电极的O2传质，采用ZrO2对电极进行亲水改性以增强O₂还原的选择性及电子传递，采用介孔碳CMK-3作为催化剂基底以提供催化活性位点。此外，还设计了一O₂扩散室，以强化O₂从疏水层向亲水层与反应界面的接触。研究结果表明，与相同条件下的传统气体扩散阴极相比，所制备的ZrO₂/CMK-3/PTFE阴极的H₂O₂产率提高了约7.56倍。在−1.3 V vs. SHE（对应的电流密度为−252 mA·cm⁻²），H₂O₂的产率和法拉第效率分别高达125.98 mg·cm⁻²·h⁻¹ (5674.04 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹)和78.24%。高的H2O2产率确保了系统中充足的•OH产生，进而实现了优异的电芬顿性能，使难降解有机物的降解效率超过96%。这项研究基于原位高效电合成H₂O₂，为利用电芬顿技术高效处理难降解废水提供了一种新颖的工程解决方案。

关键词：过氧化氢亲/疏水界面修饰电芬顿难降解有机物

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2008年冬季—2009年春季干旱的大气结构与地球转动特征

魏鸣,欧阳首承

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第1期页码 49-55

摘要：

针对干旱预测的难题，利用揭示大气热结构垂直特征的V-3θ图，分析影响旱区的气流特征。根据国际地球自转服务（IERS）的数据，分析地球极移、章动和转速的变化与大气热结构变化的关系，基于地气动量守恒原理，将大气热结构与地球转动特征变化进行了制约性分析。结果表明，大气热结构异常和地球转动特征引起的冷空气路径变化与大范围干旱有关。

关键词：干旱冷空气路径回流章动极移

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中国极地大气科学观测工程

陆龙骅,卞林根

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第9期页码 72-84

摘要：

极地位于地球南北两端，是全球变化研究的关键地区，要了解全球变化，特别是全球气候变化，必须对极地有所研究。我国的南极和北极实地科学考察研究，分别始于20世纪80年代和90年代。作为国家行为，到2011年年底，组织了28次南极考察、4次北冰洋考察和8次北极陆地考察；在南北极建立了4个科学考察站，6个自动气象站；形成了以有人考察站、无人自动气象站和“雪龙”号破冰科学考察船为主体的极地科学考察研究硬件支撑体系。在此过程中初步建成了包括常规气象业务、准业务和短期考察在内的中国极地大气科学观测工程体系；该技术系统所获科学数据已在我国极地科学研究中广泛应用，并在国内外产生了重大影响。

关键词：南极北极大气科学观测工程

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Unlocked disinfection by-product formation potential upon exposure of swimming pool water to additional stimulants

Alvyn P. Berg, Ting-An Fang, Hao L. Tang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1098-3

摘要：

• Swimming pool water was studied for DBPs upon exposure to additional stimulants.

• DBP formation could be induced by residual chlorine and extended incubation.

• Urine led to a massive formation of chloroform with additional stimulants.

• Reactions between chlorine and anthropogenic organics were slow and long-lasting.

• Urine control and air ventilation should be on the priority list for pool management.

关键词： Trihalomethanes Haloacetic acids Chloroform Residual chlorine Anthropogenic organics Swimming pool water

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中国的空间探测及其科学内涵

吴季

《中国工程科学》 2008年第10卷第6期页码 23-27

摘要：

文章回顾了人类探索空间的历史，特别是中国人对空间的探索历史；并分析了自人类进入空间时代以后探索空间的历程。通过对这一系列活动的分析，探讨了人类在空间探测活动中的动机及其科学内涵，进而对中国今后空间探测活动的战略科学目标展开讨论，并简要介绍了中国4个空间探测计划及其科学目标。

关键词：中国空间探测中俄火星联合探测计划夸父计划磁层-电离层-热层探测计划太阳极轨射电望远镜计划

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南极磷虾渔业发展的工程科技需求

赵宪勇,左涛,冷凯良,唐启升

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第2期页码 85-90 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.02.010

摘要：

积极参与开发南极海洋生物资源是对海洋渔业持续健康发展的新要求。本文介绍了国际南极磷虾渔业的发展历程与趋势，分析了我国南极磷虾渔业面临的主要问题，并提出了相关工程科技建议。国际上南极磷虾渔业已发展成为由创新性捕捞技术支撑、高附加产品市场拉动、集捕捞和加工于一体的新型产业。积极发展南极磷虾渔业，可促进我国第二远洋渔业发展、培育海洋生物新兴产业。为实现这一目标，需加强捕捞加工装备技术创新研究，提高产业核心竞争力；同时开展渔场资源生态基础研究，促进极地渔业可持续发展。

关键词：南极磷虾工程科技极地渔业新兴产业

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标题作者时间类型操作

我国极地装备技术发展战略研究

于立伟,王俊荣,王树青,李华军

期刊论文

Standard method design considerations for semi-quantification of total naphthenic acids in oil sands process affected water by mass spectrometry: A review

Kevin A. Kovalchik, Matthew S. MacLennan, Kerry M. Peru, John V. Headley, David D.Y. Chen

期刊论文

The temporal changes of the concentration level of typical toxic organics in the river sediments around

Qiang Li, Xiong Xu, Yaoyao Fang, Ruiyang Xiao, Donghong Wang, Wenjue Zhong

期刊论文

Degradation of refractory organics in concentrated leachate by the Fenton process: Central composite

Senem Yazici Guvenc, Gamze Varank

期刊论文

Acidogenic sludge fermentation to recover soluble organics as the carbon source for denitrification in

Lin Lin, Ying-yu Li, Xiao-yan Li

期刊论文

中国的极轨气象卫星